The scale of recent changes across the climate system are unprecedented over many centuries to many thousands of years.Human activities have warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land, producing widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere.One critical step is for industrialized countries to fulfil their commitment to provide $100 billion a year to developing countries so they can adapt and move towards greener economies. But climate inaction is vastly more expensive. Climate action requires significant financial investments by governments and businesses. We can pay the bill now, or pay dearly in the future.Early warning systems for disasters, for instance, save lives and property, and can deliver benefits up to 10 times the initial cost. Adaptation will be required everywhere, but must be prioritized now for the most vulnerable people with the fewest resources to cope with climate hazards. It covers current impacts and those likely in the future. Adapting to climate consequences protects people, homes, businesses, livelihoods, infrastructure and natural ecosystems.Fossil fuel production must decline by roughly 6 per cent per year between 20. While a growing coalition of countries is committing to net zero emissions by 2050, about half of emissions cuts must be in place by 2030 to keep warming below 1.5☌. Switching energy systems from fossil fuels to renewables like solar will reduce the emissions driving climate change.Three broad categories of action are: cut emissions, adapt to climate impacts and finance required adjustments. We also have global agreements to guide progress, such as the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. These can deliver economic benefits while improving our lives and protecting the environment. Climate change is a huge challenge, but we already know many solutions.Everyone must take climate action, but people and countries creating more of the problem have a greater responsibility to act first. The 10 largest emitters contribute 68 per cent. The 100 least-emitting countries generate 3 per cent of total emissions. The emissions that cause climate change come from every part of the world and affect everyone, but some countries produce much more than others.Yet the current path of carbon dioxide emissions could increase global temperature by as much as 4.4☌ by the end of the century. In a 2018 report, thousands of scientists and government reviewers agreed that limiting global temperature rise to no more than 1.5☌ would help us avoid the worst climate impacts and maintain a livable climate.
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